Development and characterization of an innovative synbiotic fermented beverage based on vegetable soybean

Abstract Soymilk was produced from vegetable soybean and fermented by probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5, Bifidobacterium animalis Bb-12) in co-culture with Streptococcus thermophilus. The composition of the fermented beverage and oligosaccharides content were determined. The effect of fructooligosaccharides and inulin on the fermentation time and viability of probiotic microorganisms throughout 28 days of storage at 5 °C were evaluated. The soymilk from vegetable soybeans was fermented in just 3.2 h, when pH reached 4.8. Fermentation reduced the contents of stachyose and raffinose in soymilk. Prebiotics had no effect on acidification rate and on viability of B. animalis and S. thermophilus in the fermented beverage. The viable counts of B. animalis Bb-12 remained above 108 CFU mL-1 in the fermented soymilk during 28 days of storage at 5 °C while L. acidophilus La-5 was decreased by 1 log CFU mL-1. The fermented soymilk from vegetable soybeans showed to be a good food matrix to deliver probiotic bacteria, as well as a soy product with a lower content of non-digestible oligosaccharides.

Quantification of anti-nutritional factors and their correlations with protein and oil in soybeans

ABSTRACT Soybeans contain about 30% carbohydrate, mainly consisting of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and oligosaccharides. NSP are not hydrolyzed in the gastrointestinal tract of monogastric animals. These NSP negatively affect the development of these animals, especially the soluble fraction. This work aimed to establish a method to quantify NSP in soybeans, using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and to estimate correlations between NSP, oligosaccharides, protein and oil. Sucrose, raffinose + stachyose, soluble and insoluble NSP contents were determined by HPLC. Oil and protein contents were determined by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The soluble PNAs content showed no significant correlation with protein, oil, sucrose and raffinose + stachyose contents, but oligosaccharides showed a negative correlation with protein content. These findings open up the possibility of developing cultivars with low soluble NSP content, aiming to develop feed for monogastric animals.

Tipos de configuração familiar e condições de saúde física e psicológica em idosos / Family configuration and physical and psychological health status in a sample of elderly / Tipos de configuración familiar y condiciones de salud física y psicológica en ancianos

Investigamos relações entre configuração familiar (arranjo de moradia, chefia familiar e contribuição financeira para o sustento da família), idade, sexo e condições de saúde física (capacidade funcional, número de doenças e de sinais e sintomas, e envolvimento social) e saúde psicológica (depressão e ansiedade) em idosos, conforme autorrelato. A amostra probabilística tinha 134 idosos sem déficit cognitivo e os dados foram coletados por entrevista domiciliar. Foi feita análise de conglomerados mediante o método da partição (três agrupamentos). As variáveis que mais contribuíram para a formação dos grupos foram as atividades básicas (R2 = 0,732) e instrumentais da vida diária (R2 = 0,487), o número de doenças (R2 = 0,241) e a idade (R2 = 0,225). A configuração familiar predominante foi corresidência com os descendentes, sendo os idosos provedores e chefes de família. Foram encontradas relações entre configuração familiar, condições de saúde física e saúde psicológica. As mulheres apresentaram maior ônus financeiro e pior saúde física e psicológica do que os homens.

This study focused on the relations between family configuration (living arrangements, heads of family, and financial contributions to the family's support), age, gender, and physical health (functional capacity, number of diseases and signs and symptoms, and social involvement) and psychological health (depression and anxiety) among the elderly, based on self-reported data. The probabilistic sample included 134 elderly without cognitive deficit, with data collected in home interviews. Cluster analyses were performed using the partitioning method (three groupings). The variables that contributed the most to forming groups were basic activities of daily living (R2 = 0.732) and instrumental activities of daily living (R2 = 0.487), number of diseases (R2 = 0.241), and age (R2 = 0.225). The predominant family configuration was living with children and/or grandchildren, with the elderly as providers and heads of the family. The study showed associations between family configuration and physical and psychological health status. Women showed a higher financial burden and worse psychological health than men.

Hemos investigado las relaciones entre la configuración familiar (arreglo de la vivienda familiar, liderazgo y contribución financiera para la familia), edad, sexo y condiciones de salud física (capacidad funcional, número de signos y síntomas, enfermedades y participación social) y salud psicológica (depresión y ansiedad) de ancianos, según el mismo informe. La muestra probabilística fue 134 personas mayores sin déficit cognitivo y los datos recogidos por entrevista domiciliaria. Se crearon por el método de análisis de conglomerados de partición (tres grupos). Las variables que han contribuido más a la formación de los grupos fueron actividades básicas (R2 = 0,732) y actividades instrumentales de la vida cotidiana (R2 = 0,487), el número de enfermedades (R2 = 0,241) y edad (R2 = 0,225). Predominaron los arreglos con los descendientes, siendo los ancianos proveedores y sostén de la familia. Las relaciones encontradas entre configuración familiar, las condiciones de salud física y psicológica fueron importantes. Las mujeres tuvieron mayor carga financiera y peor salud psicológica y física que los hombres.

Caracterización química y cuantificación de fructooligosacáridos, compuestos fenólicos y actividad antirradical de tubérculos y raíces andinos cultivados en el noroeste de Argentina / Chemical characterization and quantification of fructooligosaccharides, phenolic compounds and antiradical activity of Andean roots and tubers grown in Northwest of Argentina

Existe un creciente interés por consumir alimentos que además de aportar los componentes básicos para una buena nutrición provean otros compuestos benéficos para la salud. El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar la composición química de alimentos autóctonos de la región andina y cuantificar algunos componentes funcionales. Se determinó composición centesimal, contenido de vitamina C y compuestos fenólicos totales, actividad antirradical (DPPH) en cáscara y pulpa, fibra dietaria soluble e insoluble, fructooligosacáridos (FOS), almidón total y resistente (en tubérculos y raíces crudos, hervidos y hervidos y almacenados) de 6 variedades de Ocas (Oxalis tuberosa), 4 clones de Mandiocas (Manihot esculenta Crantz) y Yacón (Smallanthus sonchifolius). Los resultados mostraron mayor cantidad de compuestos bioactivos y actividad antirradical en la cáscara de ocas. En todos los casos el contenido de fibra insoluble fue mayor que la soluble. Las mandiocas tuvieron mayor contenido de almidón total que las raíces y tubérculos andinos. El proceso de ebullición disminuyó el contenido de almidón resistente en ocas y mandiocas pero cuando éstas se almacenaron por 48h a 5°C, el contenido de almidón resistente aumentó nuevamente. El contenido de FOS en ocas fue similar para todas las variedades (Aproximadamente 7%). El principal componente de los carbohidratos del yacón fueron los FOS (8,89%). Se puede concluir que las raíces y tubérculos estudiados, además de aportar nutrientes, contienen compuestos funcionales que les confieren un valor adicional como alimentos útiles para la prevención de algunas enfermedades no trasmisibles.

There is great interest in consuming foods that can provide the nutrients for a good nutrition and other health beneficial compounds. The aim of this work was to determine the chemical composition of native foods of the Andean region and to quantify some functional components. Proximal composition, vitamin C, total phenolic compounds, antiradical activity (DPPH) in peel and pulp, dietary fiber soluble and insoluble, fructooligosaccharides (FOS), total and resistant starch (in tubers and raw roots, boiled and boiled and stored) of 6 varieties of Oca (Oxalis tuberosa), 4 clones of manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius were determined. The results showed greater amount of bioactive compounds and antiradical activity in the skin of these products. The highest content was found in the oca peel. In all cases, the content of insoluble fiber was greater than the soluble. The manioc had higher total starch than Andean roots and tubers. The boiling process decreased the resistant starch content of ocas and maniocs, but when these are stored for 48 h at 5 ° C, the resistant starch content increased. The FOS content of the ocas was similar for all varieties (7%). The main component of yacon carbohydrates were FOS (8,89%). The maniocs did not contain FOS. It can be concluded that the roots and tubers studied, in addition to provide nutrients, contain functional compounds that confer additional helpful value for preventing no communicable diseases.

Produccion de beta-glucosidasas por cultivos de bacterias termofilas indigenas del altiplano boliviano / beta-Glucoside production by thermophilic bacteria indigenous the bolivian altiplano culture

Las beta-glucosidasas son enzimas que poseen actividad hidrolitica y transferasa o transglucosidasa. Tienen diversas aplicaciones; en la biosintesis de oligosacaridos, produccion de etanol utilizando residuos agricolas y en la industria de vinos. La aplicacion industrial, sin embargo, requiere estabilidad a temperaturas elevadas, por lo que los microorganismos termofilos tienen gran interes. El proposito de esta investigacion es el de optimizar el medio de cultivo anaerobio de bacterias termofilas, para aumentar la produccion de beta-glucosidasas. Esta enzima es producida por tres aislados bacterianos: FT3, 2B y P5 los cuales fueron aislados de la region andina de Bolivia. El aislado bacteriano FT3 mostro una actividad beta-glucosidasa de 0,35 [UI/mL]. Se tomaron como variables dentro de la optimizacion del medio de cultivo las fuentes de nitrogeno y de carbono, y el pH. Asi tambien se probaron dos sistemas de cultivo: celulas libres y encapsuladas. Empleando extracto de levadura como fuente de nitrogeno se obtuvo una actividad de 0,52 [UI/mL]. En la optimizacion del pH del medio de cultivo se obtuvo una actividad de 0,81 [UI/mL] a pH 5. Como fuente de carbono se eligieron los hidrolizados de paja de trigo y paja de quinoa lleg¨¢ndose a obtener actividades de 1,27 y 1,34 [UI/mL] respectivamente. Se establecio que la localizacion celular de la enzima beta-glucosidasa es extracelular y presenta estabilidad hasta una temperatura de 80 ºC y un pH de 7.

The beta-glucosidases possess hydrolytic and transferase activity or transglucosidase. They have various applications; such as biosynthesis of oligosaccharides, production of ethanol using agricultural residues and wine industry. However for industrial application, stability to high temperatures is needed. Therefore a great interesting in the thermophile microorganism study exist. The purpose of this research is to optimize the culture medium of thermophilic anaerobic bacteria to increase the production of beta-glucosidase. This enzyme is produced by three isolate bacterial FT3, 2B and P5 which were isolated from the Andean region of Bolivia. FT3 isolate showed beta-glucosidase activity of 0.35 [IU/mL]. In regards to the optimization of culture medium variables such as nitrogen source, carbon source and pH were taken into account and also the combination with free and encapsulated bacterial cells. Yeast extract was the selected source of nitrogen obtaining an activity of 0.52 [IU/ mL]. The optimal pH was 5 obtaining an activity of 0.81 [IU/mL]. The selected carbon source was the hydrolyzed wheat straw and quinoa straw obtaining activities of 1.27 and 1.34 [IU/mL], respectively. The cellular localization of beta-glucosidase enzyme is extracellular and provides stability to temperature of 80 ºC and stability at pH 7.

Desenvolvimento de bebidas mistas à base de cajá (Spondias mombin l.) E caju (Anacardium occidentale) enriquecidas com frutooligossacarídeos e inulina / Development of mixed beverages made of caja (Spondias mombin l.) and cashew apple (Anacardium occidentale) added of Fructooligosaccharides and Inulin

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo elaborar tres bebidas mistas a base de caja (Spondias mombin L.) e caju (Anacardium occidentale), na forma "pronto para beber", com propriedades prebioticas e avaliar as suas caracteristicas quimicas, fisico-quimicas e sensoriais. Foram desenvolvidas quatro formulacoes com duas combinacoes de polpa de fruta, sacarose e ingredientes prebioticos (inulina padrao, inulina de alto desempenho- HP e frutooligossacarideos- FOS). As formulacoes foram submetidas as determinacoes de pH, acidez, solidos soluveis, acucares, acido ascorbico, carotenoides totais e polifenois totais e avaliacoes da aceitacao dos atributos sensoriais, corpo, docura e impressao global, atitude de compra e preferencia dos consumidores. Verificou-se que o pH (3,19 a 3,40), solidos soluveis totais (14,80 a 15,40 oBrix) e polifenois totais (24,76 a 34,58mg/100g) apresentaram diferenca estatistica significativa (p .0,01). Enquanto para os teores de acidez total (0,48 a 0,56 mg/100g), acucares totais (7,78 a 9,84%), acucares redutores (1,62 a 2,08%), acucares nao redutores (5,86 a 7,85%), acido ascorbico (33,43 a 35,17 mg/100g) e carotenoides totais (30,30 a 34,20 mg/100g), nao se observou diferenca significativa. Os atributos sensoriais avaliados apresentaram resultados variando na escala sensorial entre "nao gostei nem desgostei" e "gostei muito" (medias de 5,80 a 7,06). Nos atributos docura, corpo e atitude de compra nao houve diferenca (p>0,05) entre as bebidas, porem, diferiram estatisticamente (p.0,05) no atributo impressao global. A bebida com FOS apresentou uma aceitacao semelhante a bebida controle, mostrando ser uma opcao de alimento funcional atendendo as expectativas dos consumidores, que buscam alimentos saudaveis, nutritivos e saborosos.

The purpose of this work was to develop three mixed drinks based on caja (Spondias mombin L.) and cashew apple (Anacardium occidentale) pulps, added prebiotic ingredients and to evaluate their chemical, physicochemical and sensory properties. Four formulations with combinations of two pulp fruit, sucrose and prebiotic ingredients (Standard inulin, inulin high performance-HP-and fructooligosaccharides FOS) were developed. The mixed drinks were submitted the following analysis pH, acidity, soluble solids, sugars, ascorbic acid, total carotenoids, total polyphenols and acceptance ratings of the sensory attributes such as: consistency, sweetness and overall impression, attitude and consumers purchase preference. The pH, total soluble solids and polyphenol results showed difference (p . 0.01) significant, while for the analysis of total acidity, sugars, ascorbic acid and carotenoids, it was not observed significant difference. The sensory attributes evaluates showed results ranging in scale between "I did not like or disliked "and" liked "(average 5.80 to 7.06). The attributes sweetness, consistency and attitude of buying showed no difference (p> 0.05) between drinks, however, differed significantly (p . 0.05) for the attribute of overall impression. The drink with FOS showed a similar acceptance when compared to traditional (sucrose) drink, showing an option of meeting the functional food expectations of consumers, who seek healthy, nutritious and tasty foods.

á-N-acetylglucosamine-linked O-glycans of sialoglycoproteins (Tc-mucins) from Trypanosoma cruzi Colombiana strain

Trypanosoma cruzi sialoglycoproteins (Tc-mucins) are mucin-like molecules linked to a parasite membrane via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. We previously determined the structures of Tc-mucin O-glycan domains from several T. cruzi strains and observed significant differences among them. We now report the amino acid content and structure of Tc-mucin O-glycan chains from T. cruzi Colombiana, a strain resistant to common trypanocidal drugs. Amino acid analysis demonstrated the predominance of threonine residues (42%) and helped to identify the O-glycans as belonging to a Tc-mucin family that contain a ²-galactofuranose (²-Galf) residue attached to an á-N-acetylglucosamine (á-GlcNAc) O-4, with the most complex glycan, a pentasaccharide-GlcNAc-ol with a branched trigalactopyranose chain, on the GlcNAc O-6. The presence of ²-Galf on O-glycans from T. cruzi Colombiana mucins supports the use of glycosylation as a phylogenetic marker for the classification of Colombiana in the T. cruzi I group.

Frutooligossacarídeos: implicaçöes na saúde humana e utilizaçäo em alimentos / Fructooligosaccharides: implications in human health being and use in foods

Os frutooligossacarídeos (FOS) säo açúcares näo convencionais, näo metabolizados pelo organismo humano e näo calóricos. Säo considerados prebióticos uma vez que promovem seletivamente o crescimento de probióticos como Acidophillus e Bifidus. Essa característica faz com que os FOS promovam uma série de benefícios à saúde humana, desde a reduçäo de colesterol sérico até o auxílio na prevençäo de alguns tipos de câncer. Esta revisäo aborda principalmente os efeitos da ingestäo de FOS na saúde humana, e algumas de suas aplicaçöes, principalmente na indústria de alimentos.

Altered Expression of Lewis Antigen on Tissue and Erythrocytes in Gastric Cancer Patients

To elucidate the clinical significance of phenotypic alterations of Lewis antigen in gastric cancer patients, we investigated Lewis antigens by analyzing the genotypes of the Le and Se genes and by comparing the results obtained with the phenotypic expression of Lewis antigen in gastric cancer tissue and blood cells. One hundred and twenty gastric cancer patients were examined and compared with respect to Lewis blood phenotype and genotype. The expression of Lea, Leb, sialylated Lea, and sialylated Lex antigens was immunohistochemically examined in uninvolved gastric mucosa, intestinal metaplasia, and cancerous tissue. We also analyzed the significance of Lewis antigen expression by analyzing patient survival. The frequencies of the Lewis phenotypes of RBCs corresponding to Le(a+b-), Le(a-b+), and Le(a-b-) were 16%, 58%, and 26%, respectively. The Le and le allele gene frequencies calculated from genotyping in gastric cancer patients were 0.623 and 0.377, respectively. The frequency for Le(a-b-) of the RBC phenotype had a tendency to be higher in cancer patients than in normal healthy Koreans. However, no difference in the Lewis gene frequency was found between these gastric cancer patients and healthy persons. The phenotype of Le(a-b+) was most prevalent in uninvolved gastric mucosal tissue, whereas the most prevalent form in tumor tissue was Le(a-b-). Sialyl-Lea and sialyl-Lex antigens were hardly detectable in uninvolved gastric mucosa, whereas the two antigens were expressed highly in intestinal metaplastic mucosa and tumor cells. In conclusion, the loss of Lewis antigen expression in tissue and on RBCs in gastric cancer patients is not a result of genetic influences, but rather a result of sialylation in tissue. We also confirm that poor prognosis is associated with dimeric sialyl-Lex and vascular spread.

O processamento doméstico do feijão-comum ocasionou uma redução nos fatores antinutricionais fitatos e taninos, no teor de amido e em fatores de flatulência rafinose, estaquiose e verbascose / The domestic processing of the common bean resulted in a reduction in the phytates and tannins antinutritional factors, in the starch content and in the raffinose, stachiose and verbascose flatulence factors

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the soaking step and the domestic processing of the common bean, on the chemical composition, the levels of phytate, tannin, starch and flatulence factors by utilizing the follows treatments: raw bean (FC), freeze-dried cooked unsoaked bean (FCSM), freeze-dried cooked bean without the non-absorbed soaking water (FCSAM), freeze-dried cooked bean with the non-absorbed soaking water (FCCAM) and the soaking water (AM). The beans were soaking for a period for 16 hours in the proportion 3:1 (water:beans) at room temperature. The effect of the phytates and tannins on the net protein efficiency ratio (NPR) and protein digestibility using male Wistar rats were studied. A decrease in the phytate content of the beans (85) with use of soaking was observed. In the case of the tannin content, only the cooking of the beans promoted high decomposition (84). In the (FCSAM) treatment a decrease in the raffinose (25.0), stachiose (24.8), verbascose (41.7) and starch (26.8) contents was observed. Diets containing casein (control), casein plus the soluble solids obtain from the soaking water showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) for the NPR, as well as for the different bean treatments, although these showing lower values. The treatment (FCSM) showed the higher digestibility (74.3 +/- 5.8) of the bean treatments, the casein diets showing 94.6 +/- 0.9. The reduction of the phytates, tannin, starch contents and flatulence factors in the common bean was most effective when the soaking water not absorbed was discarded (FCSAM).

Chemical composition of drug legume seeds grown in three different countries

Dry mature seeds of fourteen cultivars or lines of legumes produced in three different countries were compared with respect to their mono and oligosaccharide contents in an attempt to determine the possibilities for selection in a breeding programme on the basis of some chemical characteristics. Materials were obtained from legume production areas in Egypt, U.S.A. and India. Egyptian legumes included Faba bean [Giza 2], Mung bean [T 44]. Soybean [Crowford], Pea-nut [Giza 5] and Lentil [Giza 9]. The American legumes were Faba bean, Navy bean, Soybean, Kidney bean, Black eye peas and lentils. The Indian legume included pengel gram, Red gram and Green gram. The determination of total dietary fiber [TDF] of the whole dry seed range from 5.5% to l3.2% for Egyptian legumes and from 7.73% to 17.95% for American legumes, in case of Indian legumes range from 6.13% to 13.67%. The rafinose content of the whole dry seed range from 0.11% to 0.44% for Egyptian legume, from 0.11% to 1.35% for American legumes and from 0.36% to 0.53% for Indian legumes on dry matter basis, while sucrose range from 1.3% to 1.8% for American legumes, from 1.3% to 1.5 for Indian legumes and from 0.96% to 2.09% for Egyptian legumes

Different pattern of glycoproteins with unusual O-linked oligosaccharides in two strains of Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes

The glycoconjugate profiles of epimastigotes of the Y strain and of two stocks of the tulahuen strain which differ in their infectivity have been compared. The surface location of the glycoconjugates was evidenced by labelling with glactose oxidase/NaB3H4. Fluorography of SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed a different pattern in the glycoprotein range for both strains and also for two lines (T0 and T2) of the Tulahuen strain. While T0 showed only one glycoprotein with Mr 45 kDa, T2 revealed three glycoproteins in the range of 25-57 kDa. Two fast components, corresponding to glycolipids were also shown. The glycoproteins were isolated with 44 percent phenol and they were purified from the aqueous phase. Alkaline borohydride treatment of the labelled glycoproteins under the conditions of beta-elimination released strongly labelled O-glycosidically linked oligosaccharides. These O-linked glycans are not of the usual type found in glycoproteins. N-acetylgalactosamine which links O-glycans to the protein in the known mucin type glycoproteins has not been detected in the T. cruzi glycoproteins (1).

Açúcares do mel: aspectos analíticos / The sugar of honey: analytical aspects

Os açúcares glicose e frutose, juntamente com a água perfazem cerca de 85 por cento da composiçäo do mel, sendo que os únicos monossacarídeos säo a glicose e a frutose, que säo ligadas através de açäo enzimática para dar origem a uma série de oligossacarídeos. A análise de açúcares do mel é objeto de estudo há mais de um século, e várias metodologias sao empregadas com este fim.

Free and protein-linked glycoinositolphospholipids in Trypanosoma cruzi

Two glycoinositol phospholipids (GIPL A and GIPL B) have been purified from epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi at the logarithmic phase of growth (2 days). The GIPLs differ mainly in the lipid moiety and are similar to the lipopeptidophosphoglycan (LPPG) previously isolated from epimastigotes at the stationary phase (4-5 days). [3H]-palmitic acid was incorporated into 1-O-hexadecyl-2-O-palmitoylglycerol in GIPL A and into a sphinganine ceramide with palmitic acid and lignoceric acid as the fatty acids in GIPL B. The lipids could be released by incubation with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) or glycosylphosphatidylinositol phospholipase D (GPI-PLD) from rat serum. The oligosaccharides share the common core structure of the glycosylphosphatidilinositol (GPI) membrane anchors. Microheterogeneity was demonstrated, as well as substitution by galactose, which is mainly in the furanose configuration as was previously described for the LPPG. However, methylation analysis indicated that 20 percent of the galactose is present as terminal pyranose units. In infective trypomastigotes, [3H]-palmitic acid was incorporated into the anchor of the Tc-85 glycoprotein. The lipid cleaved by phospholipase C digestion was identified as 1-O-hexadecylglycerol and the main oligosaccharide has the structure of the conserved core of all GPI anchors. [3H]-palmitic acid-labelled Tc-85 released into the culture medium as membrane vesicles showed 80 percent resistance to the action of PI-PLC. However, after mild alkaline hydrolysis, part of the radioactivity was released by the enzyme

Lectin binding to complex carbohydrate at the interface: a study by resonance energy transfer.

The binding affinity of the oligosaccharide moiety of a neutral glycosphingolipid, asialoGM1, towards Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCAI) was determined for the first time by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (RET). The asialoGM1 was incorporated into a phospholipid (DMPC) vesicle doped with dansylated DPPE and then titrated with an increasing amount of the galactose specific RCAI. The efficiency of RET was determined by a saturable increase in the quenching of 'donor' fluorescence, i.e. the 'trp' residue of RCAI, due to the energy transfer from the 'acceptor' dansyl group on the surface of the vesicle. The apparent binding constant was found to be in the range of 10(5)-10(6) M-1 at 27 degrees C.

Níveis de oligossacarídeos em "leites" de soja / Oligosaccharide content of soy \"milks\"

Foram analisados gräos de soja e "leites" deles elaborados por processo artesanal e por miniusinas para determinar-se níveis de oligossacarídeos relacionados com fenômenos de flatulência. Os resultados em base seca revelaram que após o processamento do gräo permaneceram no "leite" de 64 por cento a 93 por cento de sacarose, de 42 por cento a 88 por cento de rafinose e de 39 por cento a 112 por cento de estaquiose. Outros sacarídeos de pesos moleculares inferiores aos originalmente presentes nos gräos também foram constatados nos "leites"